Mujeres políticas y medios de comunicación : representación en prensa escrita del gobierno catalán (2010)

Este estudio ha recibido una subvención del Institut Català de les Dones (ICD), dentro de su programa de becas para incentivar la investigación en materia de estudios de género y de las mujeres para el periodo 2010 - 2011Este artículo explora la representación en los medios del último gobierno catalán formado a partir de las elecciones de noviembre de 2010. Aplicando el análisis de contenido a una muestra de artículos extraída e cinco diarios españoles (El País, El Mundo, ABC, La Vanguardia, El Periódico de Catalunya), se analizan los primeros días de la formación del gobierno. Se compara la cobertura recibida por los miembros del govern utilizando seis variables: 1) visibilidad, 2) menciones a la apariencia, vida privada y referencias a la experiencia profesional, 3) menciones al género y asociación con una figura masculina, 4) nombre, 5) declaraciones, 6) características de la personalidad, y 7) tono de la cobertura. El análisis refleja cómo las mujeres políticas aún reciben una cobertura diferenciada de la de sus colegas varones.This article explores the media representation of the Catalan government elected in the elections held by November 2010. Using content analysis on a sample of stories from five Spanish newspapers (El País, El Mundo, ABC, La Vanguardia, El Periódico de Catalunya), the first days of the government formation will be analyzed. The article compares the coverage of the male and female members of the government using six indicators: 1) visibility, 2) mentions to the appearance, personal life and references to professional background, 3) mentions to the politician gender and link to a male mentor, 4) name, 5) quotations, 6) personal traits, and 7) tone of the coverage. The study shows how women politician are still disadvantage

Framing Hillary Clinton en la prensa española : ¿candidata o mujer?

Este artículo realiza una primera aproximación al tratamiento que la prensa española da a las mujeres que optan a cargos políticos de primer nivel. A partir de la teoría del encuadre (framing), se presenta un marco metodológico que ayuda a identificar los recursos empleados por los periodistas (frame package) para representar la candidatura de Hillary Clinton en las elecciones primarias del Partido Demócrata estadounidense. Se lleva a cabo un análisis de contenido de la cobertura de las elecciones primarias en los principales periódicos españoles. En la línea de anteriores estudios, los resultados indican que el género jugó un papel importante en el tratamiento de Clinton en la prensa, sugiriendo que los medios de comunicación siguen utilizando encuadres que "desnormalizan" la participación de la mujer en el ámbito político.How the media represent women politicians?, are the media framing women politicians in a way that their gender is the most important trait besides their political competence? This article shows a first approach to how Spanish media represent a woman politician who runs to a first-level political office, the United States presidency. Based on the framing theory, I build a methodological framework that helps to rebuild the resources used by the journalists (the frame package) to represent a woman who runs to political power. The resources examined are visibility, mentions to the gender, tone of the coverage, personal coverage, political competence (issues), personal traits, name, and verbs used to represent the speech of the candidates. The research points out that Clinton's gender plays an important role in the media coverage of her candidacy. Those results confirm previous studies and suggest that media still use frames that 'desnormalize' the existence of women in the political arena

La FCC post-Clinton, una realidad incómoda : análisis de los informes realizados para la revisión bianual de 2002

Como parte de la Telecommunications Act (TA) de 1996, el Congreso de EEUU solicitó en 2001 a la Federal Communications Commission (FCC) que revisara sus normas sobre la propiedad de radios y televisiones para determinar "si alguna de ellas era necesaria para el interés público, a consecuencia de la competencia". La FCC encargó para ello diferentes estudios sobre varios aspectos de la concentración de propiedad. El presente trabajo pretende contrastar la política desregularizadora llevada a cabo por la FCC a partir de la Telecommunications Act de 1996 con las conclusiones a las que llegaron los estudios independientes encargados por la propia FCC.In 2001 USA Congress requested the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to review the rules about radio and television ownership to determine whether any such rules are necessary in the public interest as a result of competition. The FCC asked for different studies on several aspects about ownership. This paper intends to contrast the deregulation policy carried out by the FCC from the Telecommunications Act of 1996 with the evidences presented in these independent studies

Role of Exopolymeric Substances in Biofilm Formation on Dairy Separation Membranes

In the concentration of cheese whey by membrane filtration processes, fouling is a major limiting factor that leads to flux decline and affects product quality. The growth of biofilms on membranes contributes to biofouling. Biofilms are very difficult to eliminate, and will serve as the seed for additional biofilm development and product contamination. The biofilm matrix is composed mainly of microbial exopolymeric substances (EPS), and therefore EPS is thought to help bacteria to adhere and form biofilms by acting as a cementing agent. The first research project under this study was conducted with the aim of elucidating the role of the EPS produced by lactic acid starter cultures on reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. A second study was designed to investigate the role of EPS produced by spore forming bacteria on RO membrane biofilms. A third study was conducted to evaluate the application of Catalase (Cat) on spores and biofilms formed by spore forming bacteria that produce EPS. Finally, the fourth study evaluated the application of natural depolymerases from bacteriophages and bacteria to disrupt biofilms. In the first research project we observed that the EPS of Streptococcus thermophilus strain 3534 enhanced biofilm formation but the EPS of Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris strain JFR inhibited the attachment and biofilm formation to RO membranes. This was associated to the cell-surface hydrophobicity of the strains, which was affected by the EPS production. In the second study a greater biofilm formation was observed for a Bacillus strain that produced poly glutamic acid, and it was established that hydrophobicity of the EPS, regardless of whether it is composed of polysaccharides or poly-amino acids, played an important role in biofilm formation on RO membranes. Food grade Cat preparations significantly reduced the number of spores in milk and the viable counts of EPS producing Bacillus cells on RO biofilms, showing a great potential in antimicrobial cleaning formulations in the dairy industry. In our final study the application of crude enzymes from different EPS degrading microorganisms although resulted in poor reductions, when they were applied to biofilm formed by single resistant species, revealed the importance of choosing compatible hydrolytic enzymes due to strong specificity for greater effectiveness

Compositional representation (CoDa) of the Agenda-setting of the political opinion makers in the main Spanish media groups in the 2015 general election

This article presents an innovative proposal to represent the agenda-setting of the main Spanish media groups (RTVE, Prisa, Vocento, Unidad Editorial, COPE, Atresmedia, Planeta, Godó, Mediaset España and Libertad Digital) in the context of the 2015 Spanish general election. The study uses a quantitative method based on a content analysis of the main Spanish radio and TV programmes with political opinion spaces and the main newspapers linked to these media groups. Furthermore, the compositional methodological approach the CoDa-biplot is used to visualise and emphasise the relative salience of the components under study. The article not only provides a mapping of the agenda of the main media groups in the electoral context, but it also reaches the representation of the effects of priming and the spiral of silence in the proportional study of the issues and senders of the agenda.Este artículo presenta un estudio innovador sobre la representación de la agenda-setting de los principales grupos de medios españoles (RTVE, Prisa, Vocento, Unidad Editorial, COPE, Atresmedia, Planeta, Godó, Mediaset España y Libertad Digital), en el contexto de las Elecciones Generales en España del año 2015. El estudio emplea una metodología cuantitativa con base a un análisis de contenido de los principales programas con espacios de opinión sobre política en la radio y televisión española, así como de los principales periódicos vinculados a estos grupos mediáticos. Asimismo, se emplea la herramienta metodológica composicional del CoDa-biplot, que contribuye a visualizar y enfatizar la relevancia relativa de los componentes en estudio. El artículo proporciona un mapeo de la agenda de los principales grupos de medios en el contexto electoral, al tiempo que alcanza la representación de los efectos del priming y la espiral del silencio en el estudio proporcional de los issues y emisores de la agenda

Opinar de política en la prensa escrita española. Análisis del período Elecciones Generales en España, 2015

Introducción. El presente artículo es parte de los resultados obtenidos por el autor en su investigación de doctorado titulada 'Opinar de política, mediatizar democracias. El storytelling de la opinión política en los medios de comunicación españoles y los nuevos escenarios transmediáticos para la acción social'. Metodología. Se trata de un abordaje original en lo que concierne a la temática de las Elecciones Generales españolas de 2015 que, en base al análisis cuantitativo y con metodologías de análisis de contenido de los artículos de opinión, permite evaluar la construcción de la opinión pública en la prensa escrita por parte de las cinco cabeceras de información generalista con mayor tirada estatal. Resultados y conclusiones. Con éste análisis se consigue mapear la representación del pensamiento sobre política expresada por los opinantes. El análisis de esta opinión publicada sobre política ha permitido alcanzar una estampa sobre aquellos actores que han participado como opinantes, los temas que se han tratado, la forma y contexto como se han presentado y, en suma, el escenario propuesto por la opinión en prensa escrita en el debate público sobre el contexto político electoral.This article is part of the results obtained by the author during his doctorate research entitled "Opinar de política, mediatizar democracias. El storytelling de la opinión política en los medios de comunicación españoles y los nuevos escenarios transmediáticos para la acción social". Methodology. This research it's an original approach about the construction of public opinion by the leading newspapers in the Spanish General Elections of 2015 context and based on the quantitative analysis and methodologies of content analysis about the opinion articles. Results and conclusions. With this analysis it's possible to map the representation of the thought on politics expressed by the opinion makers. The analysis of this published opinion about politics has allowed us to form an image about those actors who have participated as opinion makers, the topics that have been dealt with, the form and context and the way they have been presented and, in sum, the scenario proposed by the written press' opinion in the public debate involving the electoral political context

Cardiac-surgery associated acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy. A Spanish retrospective case-cohort study

Acute kidney injury is among the most serious complications after cardiac surgery and is associated with an impaired outcome. Multiple factors may concur in the development of this disease. Moreover, severe renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) presents a high mortality rate. Consequently, we studied a Spanish cohort of patients to assess the risk factors for RRT in cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury (CSA-AKI). METHODS: A retrospective case-cohort study in 24 Spanish hospitals. All cases of RRT after cardiac surgery in 2007 were matched in a crude ratio of 1:4 consecutive patients based on age, sex, treated in the same year, at the same hospital and by the same group of surgeons. RESULTS: We analyzed the data from 864 patients enrolled in 2007. In multivariate analysis, severe acute kidney injury requiring postoperative RRT was significantly associated with the following variables: lower glomerular filtration rates, less basal haemoglobin, lower left ventricular ejection fraction, diabetes, prior diuretic treatment, urgent surgery, longer aortic cross clamp times, intraoperative administration of aprotinin, and increased number of packed red blood cells (PRBC) transfused. When we conducted a propensity analysis using best-matched of 137 available pairs of patients, prior diuretic treatment, longer aortic cross clamp times and number of PRBC transfused were significantly associated with CSA-AKI.Patients requiring RRT needed longer hospital stays, and suffered higher mortality rates. CONCLUSION: Cardiac-surgery associated acute kidney injury requiring RRT is associated with worse outcomes. For this reason, modifiable risk factors should be optimised and higher risk patients for acute kidney injury should be identified before undertaking cardiac surgery

Spanish study of anticoagulation in haemodialysis

This study's objectives were to determine which anticoagulation methods are commonly used in patients who are undergoing haemodialysis (HD) in Spain, on what criteria do they depend, and the consequences arising from their use. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Ours was a cross-sectional study based on two types of surveys: a "HD Centre Survey" and a "Patient Survey". The first survey was answered by 87 adult HD units serving a total of 6093 patients, as well as 2 paediatric units. Among these units, 48.3% were part of the public health system and the remaining 51.7% units were part of the private health system. The patient survey analysed 758 patients who were chosen at random from among the aforementioned 78 HD units. RESULTs: A) HD Centre Survey: The majority of adult HD units (n=61, 70.2%) used both kinds of heparin, 19 of them (21.8%) only used LMWH and 7 of them (8%) only used UFH. The most frequently applied criteria for the use of LMWH were medical indications (83.3% of HD units) and ease of administration (29.5%). The most frequently used methods for adjusting the dosage were clotting of the circuit (88.2% of units), bleeding of the vascular access after disconnection (75.3%), and patient weight (57.6%). B) Patient Survey: The distribution of the types of heparin used was: UFH: 44.1%, LMWH: 51.5%, and dialysis without heparin in 4.4% of patients. LMWH was more frequently used in public medical centres (64.2% of patients) than in private medical centres (46.1%) (P<.001). LMWH was more frequently used in on-line haemodiafiltration (HF) than in high-flux HD (P<.001). Antiplatelet agents were given to 45.5% of patients, oral anticoagulants to 18.4% of patients, and both to 5% of patients. Additionally, 4.4% of patients had suffered bleeding complications during the previous week, and 1.9% of patients suffered thrombotic complications. Bleeding complications were more frequent in patients with oral anticoagulants (P=.001), although there was no association between the type of heparin and the occurrence of bleeding or thrombotic complications. CONCLUSIONS: We are able to conclude that there is a great amount of disparity in the criteria used for the medical prescription of anticoagulation in HD. It is advisable that each HD unit revise their own results as well as those from other centres, and possibly to create an Anticoagulation Guide in Haemodialysis

La centralidad temática de la movilización #NiUnaMenos en Twitter

A pesar de los discursos democratizadores promovidos por el acceso a las nuevas tecnologías, diferentes estudios señalan la limitación de Internet y las redes sociales para construir una esfera pública que articule identidades o acciones colectivas duraderas. El artículo analiza la centralidad temática y la participación en Twitter de la movilización "NiUnaMenos" de noviembre de 2016. A través de la extracción y análisis de un corpus de 118.974 tweets, el artículo identifica la red social como un medio de difusión y como un espacio de expresión del rechazo de la violencia contra las mujeres. Sin embargo, Twitter no puede definirse como un escenario de construcción de consenso o de transformación de imaginarios preconcebidos. El estudio concluye que Twitter puede ser utilizado para viralizar un evento de protesta social puntual -una marcha- a través del posicionamiento temático de términos asociados al evento. Sin embargo, la red social analizada no promueve un marco de discusión con el objetivo de reducir las representaciones e imaginarios sociales de dominación machistaDespite democratizing discourse using new technologies, different studies have shown the internet and social media have limits in the public sphere when it comes to developing identities or long term collective actions. This paper analyzes the thematic centrality and participation in the hashtag #NiUnaMenos, which was part of a collective demonstration carried out in November 2016. Using screen-scraping, an analysis of 118,974 tweets was conducted. This analysis revealed Twitter can be used as a diffusion tool and a place of collective action against gender violence. However, Twitter cannot be considered a platform for building a social consensus or for changing preconceived ideas. This article concludes that Twitter can be used to expand a specific social protest event -a demonstration- through the thematic positioning of terms related to that event. Nevertheless, Twitter is not a useful tool for discussing or dismanteling the patriarchy and sexis

Trends and models of Media literacy in Europe : between digital competence and critical understanding

This research focuses on models and strategies the EU has developed over the last decade in order to deal with these new and changing conditions. This is an important fact due to these strategies also have guided the actions of the European Union in promoting digital and media literacy. In order to understand how it has got to the current position in Europe, we identify and describe the models of literacy (digital and its gradual transformation in media literacy) that have emerged along more than a decade.El presente artículo se centra en el estudio y análisis de los diferentes modelos y estrategias que la Unión Europea (UE) ha desarrollado en la última década con el objetivo de adaptarse a la nueva y cambiante coyuntura comunicativa y social. Con el objetivo de establecer cómo la UE se ha adaptado a este nuevo panorama, se identifican y describen los principales modelos de alfabetización (desde la digital hasta la mediática) aplicados en los últimos diez años